There is currently no international consensus on screening. Surveillance protocols have been proposed by expert groups but have not been systematically studied.
The choice of risk management strategy should take into account current age, other health issues and age-related cancer risk. Risks and benefits of interventions should be discussed with an experienced medical professional.
The impact of lifestyle on cancer risk should be discussed e.g. exercise most days for at least 30 minutes at moderate or strenuous intensity, maintain a healthy weight, have a healthy diet, limit alcohol intake, do not smoke and avoid excessive sun exposure.
Cancer/tumour type |
Recommendations |
Neuroblastoma |
Surveillance |
Age |
Strategy and frequency |
0 to 6 years |
Consider abdominal ultrasound, urine VMA and HVA, and chest x-rays 3 monthly |
6 to10 years |
Consider abdominal ultrasound, urine VMA and HVA, and chest x-rays 6 monthly |
Abbreviations: VMA = vanillylmandelic acid; HVA = homovanillic acid